Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, and a range of cognitive and physical symptoms that significantly impair daily functioning.

MDD is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting individuals across all demographics. While its exact causes are multifactorial, involving genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors, effective treatment options—such as psychotherapy, pharmacological interventions, and lifestyle modifications—can greatly improve outcomes.

Advancements in the understanding of MDD have reshaped both clinical practice and research efforts. Clinicians now adopt a personalized treatment approach, considering symptom severity, comorbid conditions, and patient preferences to optimize management strategies.

In research, there is a growing focus on uncovering the neurobiological underpinnings of MDD, exploring novel therapeutic targets, and refining diagnostic tools to enhance early detection and intervention.